"""
Primary classes for performing signing and verification operations.
"""
import binascii
from hashlib import sha1
import os
from six import PY2, b
from . import ecdsa, eddsa
from . import der
from . import rfc6979
from . import ellipticcurve
from .curves import NIST192p, Curve, Ed25519, Ed448
from .ecdsa import RSZeroError
from .util import string_to_number, number_to_string, randrange
from .util import sigencode_string, sigdecode_string, bit_length
from .util import (
oid_ecPublicKey,
encoded_oid_ecPublicKey,
oid_ecDH,
oid_ecMQV,
MalformedSignature,
)
from ._compat import normalise_bytes
from .errors import MalformedPointError
from .ellipticcurve import PointJacobi, CurveEdTw
__all__ = [
"BadSignatureError",
"BadDigestError",
"VerifyingKey",
"SigningKey",
"MalformedPointError",
]
class BadSignatureError(Exception):
"""
Raised when verification of signature failed.
Will be raised irrespective of reason of the failure:
* the calculated or provided hash does not match the signature
* the signature does not match the curve/public key
* the encoding of the signature is malformed
* the size of the signature does not match the curve of the VerifyingKey
"""
pass
class BadDigestError(Exception):
"""Raised in case the selected hash is too large for the curve."""
pass
def _truncate_and_convert_digest(digest, curve, allow_truncate):
"""Truncates and converts digest to an integer."""
if not allow_truncate:
if len(digest) > curve.baselen:
raise BadDigestError(
"this curve ({0}) is too short "
"for the length of your digest ({1})".format(
curve.name, 8 * len(digest)
)
)
else:
digest = digest[: curve.baselen]
number = string_to_number(digest)
if allow_truncate:
max_length = bit_length(curve.order)
# we don't use bit_length(number) as that truncates leading zeros
length = len(digest) * 8
# See NIST FIPS 186-4:
#
# When the length of the output of the hash function is greater
# than N (i.e., the bit length of q), then the leftmost N bits of
# the hash function output block shall be used in any calculation
# using the hash function output during the generation or
# verification of a digital signature.
#
# as such, we need to shift-out the low-order bits:
number >>= max(0, length - max_length)
return number
class VerifyingKey(object):
"""
Class for handling keys that can verify signatures (public keys).
:ivar `~ecdsa.curves.Curve` ~.curve: The Curve over which all the
cryptographic operations will take place
:ivar default_hashfunc: the function that will be used for hashing the
data. Should implement the same API as hashlib.sha1
:vartype default_hashfunc: callable
:ivar pubkey: the actual public key
:vartype pubkey: ~ecdsa.ecdsa.Public_key
"""
def __init__(self, _error__please_use_generate=None):
"""Unsupported, please use one of the classmethods to initialise."""
if not _error__please_use_generate:
raise TypeError(
"Please use VerifyingKey.generate() to construct me"
)
self.curve = None
self.default_hashfunc = None
self.pubkey = None
def __repr__(self):
pub_key = self.to_string("compressed")
if self.default_hashfunc:
hash_name = self.default_hashfunc().name
else:
hash_name = "None"
return "VerifyingKey.from_string({0!r}, {1!r}, {2})".format(
pub_key, self.curve, hash_name
)
def __eq__(self, other):
"""Return True if the points are identical, False otherwise."""
if isinstance(other, VerifyingKey):
return self.curve == other.curve and self.pubkey == other.pubkey
return NotImplemented
def __ne__(self, other):
"""Return False if the points are identical, True otherwise."""
return not self == other
@classmethod
def from_public_point(
cls, point, curve=NIST192p, hashfunc=sha1, validate_point=True
):
"""
Initialise the object from a Point object.
This is a low-level method, generally you will not want to use it.
:param point: The point to wrap around, the actual public key
:type point: ~ecdsa.ellipticcurve.AbstractPoint
:param curve: The curve on which the point needs to reside, defaults
to NIST192p
:type curve: ~ecdsa.curves.Curve
:param hashfunc: The default hash function that will be used for
verification, needs to implement the same interface
as :py:class:`hashlib.sha1`
:type hashfunc: callable
:type bool validate_point: whether to check if the point lays on curve
should always be used if the public point is not a result
of our own calculation
:raises MalformedPointError: if the public point does not lay on the
curve
:return: Initialised VerifyingKey object
:rtype: VerifyingKey
"""
self = cls(_error__please_use_generate=True)
if isinstance(curve.curve, CurveEdTw):
raise ValueError("Method incompatible with Edwards curves")
if not isinstance(point, ellipticcurve.PointJacobi):
point = ellipticcurve.PointJacobi.from_affine(point)
self.curve = curve
self.default_hashfunc = hashfunc
try:
self.pubkey = ecdsa.Public_key(
curve.generator, point, validate_point
)
except ecdsa.InvalidPointError:
raise MalformedPointError("Point does not lay on the curve")
self.pubkey.order = curve.order
return self
def precompute(self, lazy=False):
"""
Precompute multiplication tables for faster signature verification.
Calling this method will cause the library to precompute the
scalar multiplication tables, used in signature verification.
While it's an expensive operation (comparable to performing
as many signatures as the bit size of the curve, i.e. 256 for NIST256p)
it speeds up verification 2 times. You should call this method
if you expect to verify hundreds of signatures (or more) using the same
VerifyingKey object.
Note: You should call this method only once, this method generates a
new precomputation table every time it's called.
:param bool lazy: whether to calculate the precomputation table now
(if set to False) or if it should be delayed to the time of first
use (when set to True)
"""
if isinstance(self.curve.curve, CurveEdTw):
pt = self.pubkey.point
self.pubkey.point = ellipticcurve.PointEdwards(
pt.curve(),
pt.x(),
pt.y(),
1,
pt.x() * pt.y(),
self.curve.order,
generator=True,
)
else:
self.pubkey.point = ellipticcurve.PointJacobi.from_affine(
self.pubkey.point, True
)
# as precomputation in now delayed to the time of first use of the
# point and we were asked specifically to precompute now, make
# sure the precomputation is performed now to preserve the behaviour
if not lazy:
self.pubkey.point * 2
@classmethod
def from_string(
cls,
string,
curve=NIST192p,
hashfunc=sha1,
validate_point=True,
valid_encodings=None,
):
"""
Initialise the object from byte encoding of public key.
The method does accept and automatically detect the type of point
encoding used. It supports the :term:`raw encoding`,
:term:`uncompressed`, :term:`compressed`, and :term:`hybrid` encodings.
It also works with the native encoding of Ed25519 and Ed448 public
keys (technically those are compressed, but encoded differently than
in other signature systems).
Note, while the method is named "from_string" it's a misnomer from
Python 2 days when there were no binary strings. In Python 3 the
input needs to be a bytes-like object.
:param string: single point encoding of the public key
:type string: :term:`bytes-like object`
:param curve: the curve on which the public key is expected to lay
:type curve: ~ecdsa.curves.Curve
:param hashfunc: The default hash function that will be used for
verification, needs to implement the same interface as
hashlib.sha1. Ignored for EdDSA.
:type hashfunc: callable
:param validate_point: whether to verify that the point lays on the
provided curve or not, defaults to True. Ignored for EdDSA.
:type validate_point: bool
:param valid_encodings: list of acceptable point encoding formats,
supported ones are: :term:`uncompressed`, :term:`compressed`,
:term:`hybrid`, and :term:`raw encoding` (specified with ``raw``
name). All formats by default (specified with ``None``).
Ignored for EdDSA.
:type valid_encodings: :term:`set-like object`
:raises MalformedPointError: if the public point does not lay on the
curve or the encoding is invalid
:return: Initialised VerifyingKey object
:rtype: VerifyingKey
"""
if isinstance(curve.curve, CurveEdTw):
self = cls(_error__please_use_generate=True)
self.curve = curve
self.default_hashfunc = None # ignored for EdDSA
try:
self.pubkey = eddsa.PublicKey(curve.generator, string)
except ValueError:
raise MalformedPointError("Malformed point for the curve")
return self
point = PointJacobi.from_bytes(
curve.curve,
string,
validate_encoding=validate_point,
valid_encodings=valid_encodings,
)
return cls.from_public_point(point, curve, hashfunc, validate_point)
@classmethod
def from_pem(
cls,
string,
hashfunc=sha1,
valid_encodings=None,
valid_curve_encodings=None,
):
"""
Initialise from public key stored in :term:`PEM` format.
The PEM header of the key should be ``BEGIN PUBLIC KEY``.
See the :func:`~VerifyingKey.from_der()` method for details of the
format supported.
Note: only a single PEM object decoding is supported in provided
string.
:param string: text with PEM-encoded public ECDSA key
:type string: str
:param valid_encodings: list of allowed point encodings.
By default :term:`uncompressed`, :term:`compressed`, and
:term:`hybrid`. To read malformed files, include
:term:`raw encoding` with ``raw`` in the list.
:type valid_encodings: :term:`set-like object`
:param valid_curve_encodings: list of allowed encoding formats
for curve parameters. By default (``None``) all are supported:
``named_curve`` and ``explicit``.
:type valid_curve_encodings: :term:`set-like object`
:return: Initialised VerifyingKey object
:rtype: VerifyingKey
"""
return cls.from_der(
der.unpem(string),
hashfunc=hashfunc,
valid_encodings=valid_encodings,
valid_curve_encodings=valid_curve_encodings,
)
@classmethod
def from_der(
cls,
string,
hashfunc=sha1,
valid_encodings=None,
valid_curve_encodings=None,
):
"""
Initialise the key stored in :term:`DER` format.
The expected format of the key is the SubjectPublicKeyInfo structure
from RFC5912 (for RSA keys, it's known as the PKCS#1 format)::
SubjectPublicKeyInfo {PUBLIC-KEY: IOSet} ::= SEQUENCE {
algorithm AlgorithmIdentifier {PUBLIC-KEY, {IOSet}},
subjectPublicKey BIT STRING
}
Note: only public EC keys are supported by this method. The
SubjectPublicKeyInfo.algorithm.algorithm field must specify
id-ecPublicKey (see RFC3279).
Only the named curve encoding is supported, thus the
SubjectPublicKeyInfo.algorithm.parameters field needs to be an
object identifier. A sequence in that field indicates an explicit
parameter curve encoding, this format is not supported. A NULL object
in that field indicates an "implicitlyCA" encoding, where the curve
parameters come from CA certificate, those, again, are not supported.
:param string: binary string with the DER encoding of public ECDSA key
:type string: bytes-like object
:param valid_encodings: list of allowed point encodings.
By default :term:`uncompressed`, :term:`compressed`, and
:term:`hybrid`. To read malformed files, include
:term:`raw encoding` with ``raw`` in the list.
:type valid_encodings: :term:`set-like object`
:param valid_curve_encodings: list of allowed encoding formats
for curve parameters. By default (``None``) all are supported:
``named_curve`` and ``explicit``.
:type valid_curve_encodings: :term:`set-like object`
:return: Initialised VerifyingKey object
:rtype: VerifyingKey
"""
if valid_encodings is None:
valid_encodings = set(["uncompressed", "compressed", "hybrid"])
string = normalise_bytes(string)
# [[oid_ecPublicKey,oid_curve], point_str_bitstring]
s1, empty = der.remove_sequence(string)
if empty != b"":
raise der.UnexpectedDER(
"trailing junk after DER pubkey: %s" % binascii.hexlify(empty)
)
s2, point_str_bitstring = der.remove_sequence(s1)
# s2 = oid_ecPublicKey,oid_curve
oid_pk, rest = der.remove_object(s2)
if oid_pk in (Ed25519.oid, Ed448.oid):
if oid_pk == Ed25519.oid:
curve = Ed25519
else:
assert oid_pk == Ed448.oid
curve = Ed448
point_str, empty = der.remove_bitstring(point_str_bitstring, 0)
if empty:
raise der.UnexpectedDER("trailing junk after public key")
return cls.from_string(point_str, curve, None)
if not oid_pk == oid_ecPublicKey:
raise der.UnexpectedDER(
"Unexpected object identifier in DER "
"encoding: {0!r}".format(oid_pk)
)
curve = Curve.from_der(rest, valid_curve_encodings)
point_str, empty = der.remove_bitstring(point_str_bitstring, 0)
if empty != b"":
raise der.UnexpectedDER(
"trailing junk after pubkey pointstring: %s"
% binascii.hexlify(empty)
)
# raw encoding of point is invalid in DER files
if len(point_str) == curve.verifying_key_length:
raise der.UnexpectedDER("Malformed encoding of public point")
return cls.from_string(
point_str,
curve,
hashfunc=hashfunc,
valid_encodings=valid_encodings,
)
@classmethod
def from_public_key_recovery(
cls,
signature,
data,
curve,
hashfunc=sha1,
sigdecode=sigdecode_string,
allow_truncate=True,
):
"""
Return keys that can be used as verifiers of the provided signature.
Tries to recover the public key that can be used to verify the
signature, usually returns two keys like that.
:param signature: the byte string with the encoded signature
:type signature: bytes-like object
:param data: the data to be hashed for signature verification
:type data: bytes-like object
:param curve: the curve over which the signature was performed
:type curve: ~ecdsa.curves.Curve
:param hashfunc: The default hash function that will be used for
verification, needs to implement the same interface as hashlib.sha1
:type hashfunc: callable
:param sigdecode: Callable to define the way the signature needs to
be decoded to an object, needs to handle `signature` as the
first parameter, the curve order (an int) as the second and return
a tuple with two integers, "r" as the first one and "s" as the
second one. See :func:`ecdsa.util.sigdecode_string` and
:func:`ecdsa.util.sigdecode_der` for examples.
:param bool allow_truncate: if True, the provided hashfunc can generate
values larger than the bit size of the order of the curve, the
extra bits (at the end of the digest) will be truncated.
:type sigdecode: callable
:return: Initialised VerifyingKey objects
:rtype: list of VerifyingKey
"""
if isinstance(curve.curve, CurveEdTw):
raise ValueError("Method unsupported for Edwards curves")
data = normalise_bytes(data)
digest = hashfunc(data).digest()
return cls.from_public_key_recovery_with_digest(
signature,
digest,
curve,
hashfunc=hashfunc,
sigdecode=sigdecode,
allow_truncate=allow_truncate,
)
@classmethod
def from_public_key_recovery_with_digest(
cls,
signature,
digest,
curve,
hashfunc=sha1,
sigdecode=sigdecode_string,
allow_truncate=False,
):
"""
Return keys that can be used as verifiers of the provided signature.
Tries to recover the public key that can be used to verify the
signature, usually returns two keys like that.
:param signature: the byte string with the encoded signature
:type signature: bytes-like object
:param digest: the hash value of the message signed by the signature
:type digest: bytes-like object
:param curve: the curve over which the signature was performed
:type curve: ~ecdsa.curves.Curve
:param hashfunc: The default hash function that will be used for
verification, needs to implement the same interface as hashlib.sha1
:type hashfunc: callable
:param sigdecode: Callable to define the way the signature needs to
be decoded to an object, needs to handle `signature` as the
first parameter, the curve order (an int) as the second and return
a tuple with two integers, "r" as the first one and "s" as the
second one. See :func:`ecdsa.util.sigdecode_string` and
:func:`ecdsa.util.sigdecode_der` for examples.
:type sigdecode: callable
:param bool allow_truncate: if True, the provided hashfunc can generate
values larger than the bit size of the order of the curve (and
the length of provided `digest`), the extra bits (at the end of the
digest) will be truncated.
:return: Initialised VerifyingKey object
:rtype: VerifyingKey
"""
if isinstance(curve.curve, CurveEdTw):
raise ValueError("Method unsupported for Edwards curves")
generator = curve.generator
r, s = sigdecode(signature, generator.order())
sig = ecdsa.Signature(r, s)
digest = normalise_bytes(digest)
digest_as_number = _truncate_and_convert_digest(
digest, curve, allow_truncate
)
pks = sig.recover_public_keys(digest_as_number, generator)
# Transforms the ecdsa.Public_key object into a VerifyingKey
verifying_keys = [
cls.from_public_point(pk.point, curve, hashfunc) for pk in pks
]
return verifying_keys
def to_string(self, encoding="raw"):
"""
Convert the public key to a byte string.
The method by default uses the :term:`raw encoding` (specified
by `encoding="raw"`. It can also output keys in :term:`uncompressed`,
:term:`compressed` and :term:`hybrid` formats.
Remember that the curve identification is not part of the encoding
so to decode the point using :func:`~VerifyingKey.from_string`, curve
needs to be specified.
Note: while the method is called "to_string", it's a misnomer from
Python 2 days when character strings and byte strings shared type.
On Python 3 the returned type will be `bytes`.
:return: :term:`raw encoding` of the public key (public point) on the
curve
:rtype: bytes
"""
assert encoding in ("raw", "uncompressed", "compressed", "hybrid")
return self.pubkey.point.to_bytes(encoding)
def to_pem(
self, point_encoding="uncompressed", curve_parameters_encoding=None
):
"""
Convert the public key to the :term:`PEM` format.
The PEM header of the key will be ``BEGIN PUBLIC KEY``.
The format of the key is described in the
:func:`~VerifyingKey.from_der()` method.
This method supports only "named curve" encoding of keys.
:param str point_encoding: specification of the encoding format
of public keys. "uncompressed" is most portable, "compressed" is
smallest. "hybrid" is uncommon and unsupported by most
implementations, it is as big as "uncompressed".
:param str curve_parameters_encoding: the encoding for curve parameters
to use, by default tries to use ``named_curve`` encoding,
if that is not possible, falls back to ``explicit`` encoding.
:return: portable encoding of the public key
:rtype: bytes
.. warning:: The PEM is encoded to US-ASCII, it needs to be
re-encoded if the system is incompatible (e.g. uses UTF-16)
"""
return der.topem(
self.to_der(point_encoding, curve_parameters_encoding),
"PUBLIC KEY",
)
def to_der(
self, point_encoding="uncompressed", curve_parameters_encoding=None
):
"""
Convert the public key to the :term:`DER` format.
The format of the key is described in the
:func:`~VerifyingKey.from_der()` method.
This method supports only "named curve" encoding of keys.
:param str point_encoding: specification of the encoding format
of public keys. "uncompressed" is most portable, "compressed" is
smallest. "hybrid" is uncommon and unsupported by most
implementations, it is as big as "uncompressed".
:param str curve_parameters_encoding: the encoding for curve parameters
to use, by default tries to use ``named_curve`` encoding,
if that is not possible, falls back to ``explicit`` encoding.
:return: DER encoding of the public key
:rtype: bytes
"""
if point_encoding == "raw":
raise ValueError("raw point_encoding not allowed in DER")
point_str = self.to_string(point_encoding)
if isinstance(self.curve.curve, CurveEdTw):
return der.encode_sequence(
der.encode_sequence(der.encode_oid(*self.curve.oid)),
der.encode_bitstring(bytes(point_str), 0),
)
return der.encode_sequence(
der.encode_sequence(
encoded_oid_ecPublicKey,
self.curve.to_der(curve_parameters_encoding, point_encoding),
),
# 0 is the number of unused bits in the
# bit string
der.encode_bitstring(point_str, 0),
)
def verify(
self,
signature,
data,
hashfunc=None,
sigdecode=sigdecode_string,
allow_truncate=True,
):
"""
Verify a signature made over provided data.
Will hash `data` to verify the signature.
By default expects signature in :term:`raw encoding`. Can also be used
to verify signatures in ASN.1 DER encoding by using
:func:`ecdsa.util.sigdecode_der`
as the `sigdecode` parameter.
:param signature: encoding of the signature
:type signature: sigdecode method dependent
:param data: data signed by the `signature`, will be hashed using
`hashfunc`, if specified, or default hash function
:type data: :term:`bytes-like object`
:param hashfunc: The default hash function that will be used for
verification, needs to implement the same interface as hashlib.sha1
:type hashfunc: callable
:param sigdecode: Callable to define the way the signature needs to
be decoded to an object, needs to handle `signature` as the
first parameter, the curve order (an int) as the second and return
a tuple with two integers, "r" as the first one and "s" as the
second one. See :func:`ecdsa.util.sigdecode_string` and
:func:`ecdsa.util.sigdecode_der` for examples.
:type sigdecode: callable
:param bool allow_truncate: if True, the provided digest can have
bigger bit-size than the order of the curve, the extra bits (at
the end of the digest) will be truncated. Use it when verifying
SHA-384 output using NIST256p or in similar situations. Defaults to
True.
:raises BadSignatureError: if the signature is invalid or malformed
:return: True if the verification was successful
:rtype: bool
"""
# signature doesn't have to be a bytes-like-object so don't normalise
# it, the decoders will do that
data = normalise_bytes(data)
if isinstance(self.curve.curve, CurveEdTw):
signature = normalise_bytes(signature)
try:
return self.pubkey.verify(data, signature)
except (ValueError, MalformedPointError) as e:
raise BadSignatureError("Signature verification failed", e)
hashfunc = hashfunc or self.default_hashfunc
digest = hashfunc(data).digest()
return self.verify_digest(signature, digest, sigdecode, allow_truncate)
def verify_digest(
self,
signature,
digest,
sigdecode=sigdecode_string,
allow_truncate=False,
):
"""
Verify a signature made over provided hash value.
By default expects signature in :term:`raw encoding`. Can also be used
to verify signatures in ASN.1 DER encoding by using
:func:`ecdsa.util.sigdecode_der`
as the `sigdecode` parameter.
:param signature: encoding of the signature
:type signature: sigdecode method dependent
:param digest: raw hash value that the signature authenticates.
:type digest: :term:`bytes-like object`
:param sigdecode: Callable to define the way the signature needs to
be decoded to an object, needs to handle `signature` as the
first parameter, the curve order (an int) as the second and return
a tuple with two integers, "r" as the first one and "s" as the
second one. See :func:`ecdsa.util.sigdecode_string` and
:func:`ecdsa.util.sigdecode_der` for examples.
:type sigdecode: callable
:param bool allow_truncate: if True, the provided digest can have
bigger bit-size than the order of the curve, the extra bits (at
the end of the digest) will be truncated. Use it when verifying
SHA-384 output using NIST256p or in similar situations.
:raises BadSignatureError: if the signature is invalid or malformed
:raises BadDigestError: if the provided digest is too big for the curve
associated with this VerifyingKey and allow_truncate was not set
:return: True if the verification was successful
:rtype: bool
"""
# signature doesn't have to be a bytes-like-object so don't normalise
# it, the decoders will do that
digest = normalise_bytes(digest)
number = _truncate_and_convert_digest(
digest,
self.curve,
allow_truncate,
)
try:
r, s = sigdecode(signature, self.pubkey.order)
except (der.UnexpectedDER, MalformedSignature) as e:
raise BadSignatureError("Malformed formatting of signature", e)
sig = ecdsa.Signature(r, s)
if self.pubkey.verifies(number, sig):
return True
raise BadSignatureError("Signature verification failed")
class SigningKey(object):
"""
Class for handling keys that can create signatures (private keys).
:ivar `~ecdsa.curves.Curve` curve: The Curve over which all the
cryptographic operations will take place
:ivar default_hashfunc: the function that will be used for hashing the
data. Should implement the same API as :py:class:`hashlib.sha1`
:ivar int baselen: the length of a :term:`raw encoding` of private key
:ivar `~ecdsa.keys.VerifyingKey` verifying_key: the public key
associated with this private key
:ivar `~ecdsa.ecdsa.Private_key` privkey: the actual private key
"""
def __init__(self, _error__please_use_generate=None):
"""Unsupported, please use one of the classmethods to initialise."""
if not _error__please_use_generate:
raise TypeError("Please use SigningKey.generate() to construct me")
self.curve = None
self.default_hashfunc = None
self.baselen = None
self.verifying_key = None
self.privkey = None
def __eq__(self, other):
"""Return True if the points are identical, False otherwise."""
if isinstance(other, SigningKey):
return (
self.curve == other.curve
and self.verifying_key == other.verifying_key
and self.privkey == other.privkey
)
return NotImplemented
def __ne__(self, other):
"""Return False if the points are identical, True otherwise."""
return not self == other
@classmethod
def _twisted_edwards_keygen(cls, curve, entropy):
"""Generate a private key on a Twisted Edwards curve."""
if not entropy:
entropy = os.urandom
random = entropy(curve.baselen)
private_key = eddsa.PrivateKey(curve.generator, random)
public_key = private_key.public_key()
verifying_key = VerifyingKey.from_string(
public_key.public_key(), curve
)
self = cls(_error__please_use_generate=True)
self.curve = curve
self.default_hashfunc = None
self.baselen = curve.baselen
self.privkey = private_key
self.verifying_key = verifying_key
return self
@classmethod
def _weierstrass_keygen(cls, curve, entropy, hashfunc):
"""Generate a private key on a Weierstrass curve."""
secexp = randrange(curve.order, entropy)
return cls.from_secret_exponent(secexp, curve, hashfunc)
@classmethod
def generate(cls, curve=NIST192p, entropy=None, hashfunc=sha1):
"""
Generate a random private key.
:param curve: The curve on which the point needs to reside, defaults
to NIST192p
:type curve: ~ecdsa.curves.Curve
:param entropy: Source of randomness for generating the private keys,
should provide cryptographically secure random numbers if the keys
need to be secure. Uses os.urandom() by default.
:type entropy: callable
:param hashfunc: The default hash function that will be used for
signing, needs to implement the same interface
as hashlib.sha1
:type hashfunc: callable
:return: Initialised SigningKey object
:rtype: SigningKey
"""
if isinstance(curve.curve, CurveEdTw):
return cls._twisted_edwards_keygen(curve, entropy)
return cls._weierstrass_keygen(curve, entropy, hashfunc)
@classmethod
def from_secret_exponent(cls, secexp, curve=NIST192p, hashfunc=sha1):
"""
Create a private key from a random integer.
Note: it's a low level method, it's recommended to use the
:func:`~SigningKey.generate` method to create private keys.
:param int secexp: secret multiplier (the actual private key in ECDSA).
Needs to be an integer between 1 and the curve order.
:param curve: The curve on which the point needs to reside
:type curve: ~ecdsa.curves.Curve
:param hashfunc: The default hash function that will be used for
signing, needs to implement the same interface
as hashlib.sha1
:type hashfunc: callable
:raises MalformedPointError: when the provided secexp is too large
or too small for the curve selected
:raises RuntimeError: if the generation of public key from private
key failed
:return: Initialised SigningKey object
:rtype: SigningKey
"""
if isinstance(curve.curve, CurveEdTw):
raise ValueError(
"Edwards keys don't support setting the secret scalar "
"(exponent) directly"
)
self = cls(_error__please_use_generate=True)
self.curve = curve
self.default_hashfunc = hashfunc
self.baselen = curve.baselen
n = curve.order
if not 1 <= secexp < n:
raise MalformedPointError(
"Invalid value for secexp, expected integer "
"between 1 and {0}".format(n)
)
pubkey_point = curve.generator * secexp
if hasattr(pubkey_point, "scale"):
pubkey_point = pubkey_point.scale()
self.verifying_key = VerifyingKey.from_public_point(
pubkey_point, curve, hashfunc, False
)
pubkey = self.verifying_key.pubkey
self.privkey = ecdsa.Private_key(pubkey, secexp)
self.privkey.order = n
return self
@classmethod
def from_string(cls, string, curve=NIST192p, hashfunc=sha1):
"""
Decode the private key from :term:`raw encoding`.
Note: the name of this method is a misnomer coming from days of
Python 2, when binary strings and character strings shared a type.
In Python 3, the expected type is `bytes`.
:param string: the raw encoding of the private key
:type string: :term:`bytes-like object`
:param curve: The curve on which the point needs to reside
:type curve: ~ecdsa.curves.Curve
:param hashfunc: The default hash function that will be used for
signing, needs to implement the same interface
as hashlib.sha1
:type hashfunc: callable
:raises MalformedPointError: if the length of encoding doesn't match
the provided curve or the encoded values is too large
:raises RuntimeError: if the generation of public key from private
key failed
:return: Initialised SigningKey object
:rtype: SigningKey
"""
string = normalise_bytes(string)
if len(string) != curve.baselen:
raise MalformedPointError(
"Invalid length of private key, received {0}, "
"expected {1}".format(len(string), curve.baselen)
)
if isinstance(curve.curve, CurveEdTw):
self = cls(_error__please_use_generate=True)
self.curve = curve
self.default_hashfunc = None # Ignored for EdDSA
self.baselen = curve.baselen
self.privkey = eddsa.PrivateKey(curve.generator, string)
self.verifying_key = VerifyingKey.from_string(
self.privkey.public_key().public_key(), curve
)
return self
secexp = string_to_number(string)
return cls.from_secret_exponent(secexp, curve, hashfunc)
@classmethod
def from_pem(cls, string, hashfunc=sha1, valid_curve_encodings=None):
"""
Initialise from key stored in :term:`PEM` format.
The PEM formats supported are the un-encrypted RFC5915
(the ssleay format) supported by OpenSSL, and the more common
un-encrypted RFC5958 (the PKCS #8 format).
The legacy format files have the header with the string
``BEGIN EC PRIVATE KEY``.
PKCS#8 files have the header ``BEGIN PRIVATE KEY``.
Encrypted files (ones that include the string
``Proc-Type: 4,ENCRYPTED``
right after the PEM header) are not supported.
See :func:`~SigningKey.from_der` for ASN.1 syntax of the objects in
this files.
:param string: text with PEM-encoded private ECDSA key
:type string: str
:param valid_curve_encodings: list of allowed encoding formats
for curve parameters. By default (``None``) all are supported:
``named_curve`` and ``explicit``.
:type valid_curve_encodings: :term:`set-like object`
:raises MalformedPointError: if the length of encoding doesn't match
the provided curve or the encoded values is too large
:raises RuntimeError: if the generation of public key from private
key failed
:raises UnexpectedDER: if the encoding of the PEM file is incorrect
:return: Initialised SigningKey object
:rtype: SigningKey
"""
if not PY2 and isinstance(string, str): # pragma: no branch
string = string.encode()
# The privkey pem may have multiple sections, commonly it also has
# "EC PARAMETERS", we need just "EC PRIVATE KEY". PKCS#8 should not
# have the "EC PARAMETERS" section; it's just "PRIVATE KEY".
private_key_index = string.find(b"-----BEGIN EC PRIVATE KEY-----")
if private_key_index == -1:
private_key_index = string.index(b"-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----")
return cls.from_der(
der.unpem(string[private_key_index:]),
hashfunc,
valid_curve_encodings,
)
@classmethod
def from_der(cls, string, hashfunc=sha1, valid_curve_encodings=None):
"""
Initialise from key stored in :term:`DER` format.
The DER formats supported are the un-encrypted RFC5915
(the ssleay format) supported by OpenSSL, and the more common
un-encrypted RFC5958 (the PKCS #8 format).
Both formats contain an ASN.1 object following the syntax specified
in RFC5915::
ECPrivateKey ::= SEQUENCE {
version INTEGER { ecPrivkeyVer1(1) }} (ecPrivkeyVer1),
privateKey OCTET STRING,
parameters [0] ECParameters {{ NamedCurve }} OPTIONAL,
publicKey [1] BIT STRING OPTIONAL
}
`publicKey` field is ignored completely (errors, if any, in it will
be undetected).
Two formats are supported for the `parameters` field: the named
curve and the explicit encoding of curve parameters.
In the legacy ssleay format, this implementation requires the optional
`parameters` field to get the curve name. In PKCS #8 format, the curve
is part of the PrivateKeyAlgorithmIdentifier.
The PKCS #8 format includes an ECPrivateKey object as the `privateKey`
field within a larger structure::
OneAsymmetricKey ::= SEQUENCE {
version Version,
privateKeyAlgorithm PrivateKeyAlgorithmIdentifier,
privateKey PrivateKey,
attributes [0] Attributes OPTIONAL,
...,
[[2: publicKey [1] PublicKey OPTIONAL ]],
...
}
The `attributes` and `publicKey` fields are completely ignored; errors
in them will not be detected.
:param string: binary string with DER-encoded private ECDSA key
:type string: :term:`bytes-like object`
:param valid_curve_encodings: list of allowed encoding formats
for curve parameters. By default (``None``) all are supported:
``named_curve`` and ``explicit``.
Ignored for EdDSA.
:type valid_curve_encodings: :term:`set-like object`
:raises MalformedPointError: if the length of encoding doesn't match
the provided curve or the encoded values is too large
:raises RuntimeError: if the generation of public key from private
key failed
:raises UnexpectedDER: if the encoding of the DER file is incorrect
:return: Initialised SigningKey object
:rtype: SigningKey
"""
s = normalise_bytes(string)
curve = None
s, empty = der.remove_sequence(s)
if empty != b(""):
raise der.UnexpectedDER(
"trailing junk after DER privkey: %s" % binascii.hexlify(empty)
)
version, s = der.remove_integer(s)
# At this point, PKCS #8 has a sequence containing the algorithm
# identifier and the curve identifier. The ssleay format instead has
# an octet string containing the key data, so this is how we can
# distinguish the two formats.
if der.is_sequence(s):
if version not in (0, 1):
raise der.UnexpectedDER(
"expected version '0' or '1' at start of privkey, got %d"
% version
)
sequence, s = der.remove_sequence(s)
algorithm_oid, algorithm_identifier = der.remove_object(sequence)
if algorithm_oid in (Ed25519.oid, Ed448.oid):
if algorithm_identifier:
raise der.UnexpectedDER(
"Non NULL parameters for a EdDSA key"
)
key_str_der, s = der.remove_octet_string(s)
# As RFC5958 describe, there are may be optional Attributes
# and Publickey. Don't raise error if something after
# Privatekey
# TODO parse attributes or validate publickey
# if s:
# raise der.UnexpectedDER(
# "trailing junk inside the privateKey"
# )
key_str, s = der.remove_octet_string(key_str_der)
if s:
raise der.UnexpectedDER(
"trailing junk after the encoded private key"
)
if algorithm_oid == Ed25519.oid:
curve = Ed25519
else:
assert algorithm_oid == Ed448.oid
curve = Ed448
return cls.from_string(key_str, curve, None)
if algorithm_oid not in (oid_ecPublicKey, oid_ecDH, oid_ecMQV):
raise der.UnexpectedDER(
"unexpected algorithm identifier '%s'" % (algorithm_oid,)
)
curve = Curve.from_der(algorithm_identifier, valid_curve_encodings)
if empty != b"":
raise der.UnexpectedDER(
"unexpected data after algorithm identifier: %s"
% binascii.hexlify(empty)
)
# Up next is an octet string containing an ECPrivateKey. Ignore
# the optional "attributes" and "publicKey" fields that come after.
s, _ = der.remove_octet_string(s)
# Unpack the ECPrivateKey to get to the key data octet string,
# and rejoin the ssleay parsing path.
s, empty = der.remove_sequence(s)
if empty != b(""):
raise der.UnexpectedDER(
"trailing junk after DER privkey: %s"
% binascii.hexlify(empty)
)
version, s = der.remove_integer(s)
# The version of the ECPrivateKey must be 1.
if version != 1:
raise der.UnexpectedDER(
"expected version '1' at start of DER privkey, got %d"
% version
)
privkey_str, s = der.remove_octet_string(s)
if not curve:
tag, curve_oid_str, s = der.remove_constructed(s)
if tag != 0:
raise der.UnexpectedDER(
"expected tag 0 in DER privkey, got %d" % tag
)
curve = Curve.from_der(curve_oid_str, valid_curve_encodings)
# we don't actually care about the following fields
#
# tag, pubkey_bitstring, s = der.remove_constructed(s)
# if tag != 1:
# raise der.UnexpectedDER("expected tag 1 in DER privkey, got %d"
# % tag)
# pubkey_str = der.remove_bitstring(pubkey_bitstring, 0)
# if empty != "":
# raise der.UnexpectedDER("trailing junk after DER privkey "
# "pubkeystr: %s"
# % binascii.hexlify(empty))
# our from_string method likes fixed-length privkey strings
if len(privkey_str) < curve.baselen:
privkey_str = (
b("\x00") * (curve.baselen - len(privkey_str)) + privkey_str
)
return cls.from_string(privkey_str, curve, hashfunc)
def to_string(self):
"""
Convert the private key to :term:`raw encoding`.
Note: while the method is named "to_string", its name comes from
Python 2 days, when binary and character strings used the same type.
The type used in Python 3 is `bytes`.
:return: raw encoding of private key
:rtype: bytes
"""
if isinstance(self.curve.curve, CurveEdTw):
return bytes(self.privkey.private_key)
secexp = self.privkey.secret_multiplier
s = number_to_string(secexp, self.privkey.order)
return s
def to_pem(
self,
point_encoding="uncompressed",
format="ssleay",
curve_parameters_encoding=None,
):
"""
Convert the private key to the :term:`PEM` format.
See :func:`~SigningKey.from_pem` method for format description.
Only the named curve format is supported.
The public key will be included in generated string.
The PEM header will specify ``BEGIN EC PRIVATE KEY`` or
``BEGIN PRIVATE KEY``, depending on the desired format.
:param str point_encoding: format to use for encoding public point
:param str format: either ``ssleay`` (default) or ``pkcs8``
:param str curve_parameters_encoding: format of encoded curve
parameters, default depends on the curve, if the curve has
an associated OID, ``named_curve`` format will be used,
if no OID is associated with the curve, the fallback of
``explicit`` parameters will be used.
:return: PEM encoded private key
:rtype: bytes
.. warning:: The PEM is encoded to US-ASCII, it needs to be
re-encoded if the system is incompatible (e.g. uses UTF-16)
"""
# TODO: "BEGIN ECPARAMETERS"
assert format in ("ssleay", "pkcs8")
header = "EC PRIVATE KEY" if format == "ssleay" else "PRIVATE KEY"
return der.topem(
self.to_der(point_encoding, format, curve_parameters_encoding),
header,
)
def _encode_eddsa(self):
"""Create a PKCS#8 encoding of EdDSA keys."""
ec_private_key = der.encode_octet_string(self.to_string())
return der.encode_sequence(
der.encode_integer(0),
der.encode_sequence(der.encode_oid(*self.curve.oid)),
der.encode_octet_string(ec_private_key),
)
def to_der(
self,
point_encoding="uncompressed",
format="ssleay",
curve_parameters_encoding=None,
):
"""
Convert the private key to the :term:`DER` format.
See :func:`~SigningKey.from_der` method for format specification.
Only the named curve format is supported.
The public key will be included in the generated string.
:param str point_encoding: format to use for encoding public point
Ignored for EdDSA
:param str format: either ``ssleay`` (default) or ``pkcs8``.
EdDSA keys require ``pkcs8``.
:param str curve_parameters_encoding: format of encoded curve
parameters, default depends on the curve, if the curve has
an associated OID, ``named_curve`` format will be used,
if no OID is associated with the curve, the fallback of
``explicit`` parameters will be used.
Ignored for EdDSA.
:return: DER encoded private key
:rtype: bytes
"""
# SEQ([int(1), octetstring(privkey),cont[0], oid(secp224r1),
# cont[1],bitstring])
if point_encoding == "raw":
raise ValueError("raw encoding not allowed in DER")
assert format in ("ssleay", "pkcs8")
if isinstance(self.curve.curve, CurveEdTw):
if format != "pkcs8":
raise ValueError("Only PKCS#8 format supported for EdDSA keys")
return self._encode_eddsa()
encoded_vk = self.get_verifying_key().to_string(point_encoding)
priv_key_elems = [
der.encode_integer(1),
der.encode_octet_string(self.to_string()),
]
if format == "ssleay":
priv_key_elems.append(
der.encode_constructed(
0, self.curve.to_der(curve_parameters_encoding)
)
)
# the 0 in encode_bitstring specifies the number of unused bits
# in the `encoded_vk` string
priv_key_elems.append(
der.encode_constructed(1, der.encode_bitstring(encoded_vk, 0))
)
ec_private_key = der.encode_sequence(*priv_key_elems)
if format == "ssleay":
return ec_private_key
else:
return der.encode_sequence(
# version = 1 means the public key is not present in the
# top-level structure.
der.encode_integer(1),
der.encode_sequence(
der.encode_oid(*oid_ecPublicKey),
self.curve.to_der(curve_parameters_encoding),
),
der.encode_octet_string(ec_private_key),
)
def get_verifying_key(self):
"""
Return the VerifyingKey associated with this private key.
Equivalent to reading the `verifying_key` field of an instance.
:return: a public key that can be used to verify the signatures made
with this SigningKey
:rtype: VerifyingKey
"""
return self.verifying_key
def sign_deterministic(
self,
data,
hashfunc=None,
sigencode=sigencode_string,
extra_entropy=b"",
):
"""
Create signature over data.
For Weierstrass curves it uses the deterministic RFC6979 algorithm.
For Edwards curves it uses the standard EdDSA algorithm.
For ECDSA the data will be hashed using the `hashfunc` function before
signing.
For EdDSA the data will be hashed with the hash associated with the
curve (SHA-512 for Ed25519 and SHAKE-256 for Ed448).
This is the recommended method for performing signatures when hashing
of data is necessary.
:param data: data to be hashed and computed signature over
:type data: :term:`bytes-like object`
:param hashfunc: hash function to use for computing the signature,
if unspecified, the default hash function selected during
object initialisation will be used (see
`VerifyingKey.default_hashfunc`). The object needs to implement
the same interface as hashlib.sha1.
Ignored with EdDSA.
:type hashfunc: callable
:param sigencode: function used to encode the signature.
The function needs to accept three parameters: the two integers
that are the signature and the order of the curve over which the
signature was computed. It needs to return an encoded signature.
See `ecdsa.util.sigencode_string` and `ecdsa.util.sigencode_der`
as examples of such functions.
Ignored with EdDSA.
:type sigencode: callable
:param extra_entropy: additional data that will be fed into the random
number generator used in the RFC6979 process. Entirely optional.
Ignored with EdDSA.
:type extra_entropy: :term:`bytes-like object`
:return: encoded signature over `data`
:rtype: bytes or sigencode function dependent type
"""
hashfunc = hashfunc or self.default_hashfunc
data = normalise_bytes(data)
if isinstance(self.curve.curve, CurveEdTw):
return self.privkey.sign(data)
extra_entropy = normalise_bytes(extra_entropy)
digest = hashfunc(data).digest()
return self.sign_digest_deterministic(
digest,
hashfunc=hashfunc,
sigencode=sigencode,
extra_entropy=extra_entropy,
allow_truncate=True,
)
def sign_digest_deterministic(
self,
digest,
hashfunc=None,
sigencode=sigencode_string,
extra_entropy=b"",
allow_truncate=False,
):
"""
Create signature for digest using the deterministic RFC6979 algorithm.
`digest` should be the output of cryptographically secure hash function
like SHA256 or SHA-3-256.
This is the recommended method for performing signatures when no
hashing of data is necessary.
:param digest: hash of data that will be signed
:type digest: :term:`bytes-like object`
:param hashfunc: hash function to use for computing the random "k"
value from RFC6979 process,
if unspecified, the default hash function selected during
object initialisation will be used (see
:attr:`.VerifyingKey.default_hashfunc`). The object needs to
implement
the same interface as :func:`~hashlib.sha1` from :py:mod:`hashlib`.
:type hashfunc: callable
:param sigencode: function used to encode the signature.
The function needs to accept three parameters: the two integers
that are the signature and the order of the curve over which the
signature was computed. It needs to return an encoded signature.
See :func:`~ecdsa.util.sigencode_string` and
:func:`~ecdsa.util.sigencode_der`
as examples of such functions.
:type sigencode: callable
:param extra_entropy: additional data that will be fed into the random
number generator used in the RFC6979 process. Entirely optional.
:type extra_entropy: :term:`bytes-like object`
:param bool allow_truncate: if True, the provided digest can have
bigger bit-size than the order of the curve, the extra bits (at
the end of the digest) will be truncated. Use it when signing
SHA-384 output using NIST256p or in similar situations.
:return: encoded signature for the `digest` hash
:rtype: bytes or sigencode function dependent type
"""
if isinstance(self.curve.curve, CurveEdTw):
raise ValueError("Method unsupported for Edwards curves")
secexp = self.privkey.secret_multiplier
hashfunc = hashfunc or self.default_hashfunc
digest = normalise_bytes(digest)
extra_entropy = normalise_bytes(extra_entropy)
def simple_r_s(r, s, order):
return r, s, order
retry_gen = 0
while True:
k = rfc6979.generate_k(
self.curve.generator.order(),
secexp,
hashfunc,
digest,
retry_gen=retry_gen,
extra_entropy=extra_entropy,
)
try:
r, s, order = self.sign_digest(
digest,
sigencode=simple_r_s,
k=k,
allow_truncate=allow_truncate,
)
break
except RSZeroError:
retry_gen += 1
return sigencode(r, s, order)
def sign(
self,
data,
entropy=None,
hashfunc=None,
sigencode=sigencode_string,
k=None,
allow_truncate=True,
):
"""
Create signature over data.
Uses the probabilistic ECDSA algorithm for Weierstrass curves
(NIST256p, etc.) and the deterministic EdDSA algorithm for the
Edwards curves (Ed25519, Ed448).
This method uses the standard ECDSA algorithm that requires a
cryptographically secure random number generator.
It's recommended to use the :func:`~SigningKey.sign_deterministic`
method instead of this one.
:param data: data that will be hashed for signing
:type data: :term:`bytes-like object`
:param callable entropy: randomness source, :func:`os.urandom` by
default. Ignored with EdDSA.
:param hashfunc: hash function to use for hashing the provided
``data``.
If unspecified the default hash function selected during
object initialisation will be used (see
:attr:`.VerifyingKey.default_hashfunc`).
Should behave like :func:`~hashlib.sha1` from :py:mod:`hashlib`.
The output length of the
hash (in bytes) must not be longer than the length of the curve
order (rounded up to the nearest byte), so using SHA256 with
NIST256p is ok, but SHA256 with NIST192p is not. (In the 2**-96ish
unlikely event of a hash output larger than the curve order, the
hash will effectively be wrapped mod n).
If you want to explicitly allow use of large hashes with small
curves set the ``allow_truncate`` to ``True``.
Use ``hashfunc=hashlib.sha1`` to match openssl's
``-ecdsa-with-SHA1`` mode,
or ``hashfunc=hashlib.sha256`` for openssl-1.0.0's
``-ecdsa-with-SHA256``.
Ignored for EdDSA
:type hashfunc: callable
:param sigencode: function used to encode the signature.
The function needs to accept three parameters: the two integers
that are the signature and the order of the curve over which the
signature was computed. It needs to return an encoded signature.
See :func:`~ecdsa.util.sigencode_string` and
:func:`~ecdsa.util.sigencode_der`
as examples of such functions.
Ignored for EdDSA
:type sigencode: callable
:param int k: a pre-selected nonce for calculating the signature.
In typical use cases, it should be set to None (the default) to
allow its generation from an entropy source.
Ignored for EdDSA.
:param bool allow_truncate: if ``True``, the provided digest can have
bigger bit-size than the order of the curve, the extra bits (at
the end of the digest) will be truncated. Use it when signing
SHA-384 output using NIST256p or in similar situations. True by
default.
Ignored for EdDSA.
:raises RSZeroError: in the unlikely event when *r* parameter or
*s* parameter of the created signature is equal 0, as that would
leak the key. Caller should try a better entropy source, retry with
different ``k``, or use the
:func:`~SigningKey.sign_deterministic` in such case.
:return: encoded signature of the hash of `data`
:rtype: bytes or sigencode function dependent type
"""
hashfunc = hashfunc or self.default_hashfunc
data = normalise_bytes(data)
if isinstance(self.curve.curve, CurveEdTw):
return self.sign_deterministic(data)
h = hashfunc(data).digest()
return self.sign_digest(h, entropy, sigencode, k, allow_truncate)
def sign_digest(
self,
digest,
entropy=None,
sigencode=sigencode_string,
k=None,
allow_truncate=False,
):
"""
Create signature over digest using the probabilistic ECDSA algorithm.
This method uses the standard ECDSA algorithm that requires a
cryptographically secure random number generator.
This method does not hash the input.
It's recommended to use the
:func:`~SigningKey.sign_digest_deterministic` method
instead of this one.
:param digest: hash value that will be signed
:type digest: :term:`bytes-like object`
:param callable entropy: randomness source, os.urandom by default
:param sigencode: function used to encode the signature.
The function needs to accept three parameters: the two integers
that are the signature and the order of the curve over which the
signature was computed. It needs to return an encoded signature.
See `ecdsa.util.sigencode_string` and `ecdsa.util.sigencode_der`
as examples of such functions.
:type sigencode: callable
:param int k: a pre-selected nonce for calculating the signature.
In typical use cases, it should be set to None (the default) to
allow its generation from an entropy source.
:param bool allow_truncate: if True, the provided digest can have
bigger bit-size than the order of the curve, the extra bits (at
the end of the digest) will be truncated. Use it when signing
SHA-384 output using NIST256p or in similar situations.
:raises RSZeroError: in the unlikely event when "r" parameter or
"s" parameter of the created signature is equal 0, as that would
leak the key. Caller should try a better entropy source, retry with
different 'k', or use the
:func:`~SigningKey.sign_digest_deterministic` in such case.
:return: encoded signature for the `digest` hash
:rtype: bytes or sigencode function dependent type
"""
if isinstance(self.curve.curve, CurveEdTw):
raise ValueError("Method unsupported for Edwards curves")
digest = normalise_bytes(digest)
number = _truncate_and_convert_digest(
digest,
self.curve,
allow_truncate,
)
r, s = self.sign_number(number, entropy, k)
return sigencode(r, s, self.privkey.order)
def sign_number(self, number, entropy=None, k=None):
"""
Sign an integer directly.
Note, this is a low level method, usually you will want to use
:func:`~SigningKey.sign_deterministic` or
:func:`~SigningKey.sign_digest_deterministic`.
:param int number: number to sign using the probabilistic ECDSA
algorithm.
:param callable entropy: entropy source, os.urandom by default
:param int k: pre-selected nonce for signature operation. If unset
it will be selected at random using the entropy source.
:raises RSZeroError: in the unlikely event when "r" parameter or
"s" parameter of the created signature is equal 0, as that would
leak the key. Caller should try a better entropy source, retry with
different 'k', or use the
:func:`~SigningKey.sign_digest_deterministic` in such case.
:return: the "r" and "s" parameters of the signature
:rtype: tuple of ints
"""
if isinstance(self.curve.curve, CurveEdTw):
raise ValueError("Method unsupported for Edwards curves")
order = self.privkey.order
if k is not None:
_k = k
else:
_k = randrange(order, entropy)
assert 1 <= _k < order
sig = self.privkey.sign(number, _k)
return sig.r, sig.s